Understanding Irregular Heart Rhythms
An arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when the electrical signals controlling the heartbeat become disrupted. This can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. While some arrhythmias are harmless, others can indicate serious underlying heart conditions and may increase the risk of complications such as stroke or heart failure.
As someone who regularly sees patients with arrhythmia, I know how worrying it can be to experience palpitations, dizziness, or an irregular heartbeat. I will explain what an arrhythmia is, the different types, common causes, and when to seek medical attention.
How Does the Heart Normally Beat?
The heart’s electrical system controls the rhythm and speed of heartbeats. Normally, the heart beats between 60–100 times per minute at rest, with electrical impulses originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, the body’s natural pacemaker.
When the heart’s electrical signals become abnormal, it can cause arrhythmias, leading to:
A fast heartbeat (tachycardia) – Over 100 beats per minute.
A slow heartbeat (bradycardia) – Under 60 beats per minute.
An irregular rhythm – Heartbeats that are uneven or erratic.
Some arrhythmias may cause no symptoms, while others can lead to serious complications.
Types of Arrhythmia
There are several types of arrhythmia, each affecting the heart in different ways.
1. Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
The most common arrhythmia, causing a fast and irregular heartbeat.
Electrical signals in the atria (upper chambers of the heart) become disorganised, leading to an uncoordinated heartbeat.
Increases the risk of stroke due to blood clots forming in the heart.
Symptoms: Palpitations, breathlessness, dizziness, and fatigue.
2. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
A sudden, fast heartbeat originating in the upper chambers of the heart.
Can occur in short bursts or last for extended periods.
Symptoms: Racing heartbeat, dizziness, shortness of breath.
3. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
A rapid heartbeat starting in the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles).
Can be life-threatening if sustained, as it affects blood circulation.
Symptoms: Severe palpitations, fainting, chest pain.
4. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
A dangerous arrhythmia where the ventricles quiver instead of pumping blood.
Requires immediate emergency treatment (defibrillation).
Symptoms: Sudden collapse, no pulse, cardiac arrest.
5. Bradycardia (Slow Heartbeat)
The heart beats too slowly, reducing oxygen supply to the body.
Can be caused by problems with the heart’s electrical pathways.
Symptoms: Fatigue, dizziness, fainting, breathlessness.
For more information on different types of arrhythmias, visit the British Heart Foundation.
What Causes Arrhythmia?
Arrhythmias can be triggered by a variety of factors, including:
Heart disease – Coronary artery disease, heart attacks, or heart failure.
High blood pressure – Puts extra strain on the heart.
Electrolyte imbalances – Low levels of potassium, sodium, or magnesium can disrupt electrical signals.
Thyroid disorders – Overactive or underactive thyroid function can affect heart rate.
Excess caffeine, alcohol, or smoking – Stimulants can trigger arrhythmias.
Stress and anxiety – Can lead to palpitations and irregular heartbeats.
Sleep apnoea – Repeated drops in oxygen levels during sleep can contribute to arrhythmia.
If an arrhythmia is linked to an underlying condition, treating the root cause can often help restore normal rhythm.
Symptoms of Arrhythmia
Some arrhythmias cause no symptoms, while others can be noticeable and distressing.
Common symptoms include:
Palpitations – Feeling like your heart is racing, skipping beats, or fluttering.
Dizziness or lightheadedness – Caused by reduced blood flow.
Shortness of breath – The heart may not be pumping efficiently.
Chest pain or discomfort – Can indicate reduced oxygen supply.
Fainting or near-fainting episodes – A sign of serious arrhythmia.
If you experience severe chest pain, loss of consciousness, or extreme breathlessness, seek emergency medical help immediately, as this could be a sign of a life-threatening arrhythmia or heart attack.
How Is Arrhythmia Diagnosed?
If you suspect you have an arrhythmia, a cardiologist will perform tests to determine the type and cause.
Common Tests for Arrhythmia:
ECG (Electrocardiogram) – Records the heart’s electrical activity.
24-hour Holter Monitor – A portable ECG worn for a day to detect irregular rhythms.
Echocardiogram – Uses ultrasound to assess heart structure and function.
Exercise Stress Test – Checks for arrhythmias triggered by physical exertion.
Electrophysiology Study (EPS) – A specialised test to map electrical signals in the heart.
Early diagnosis is key to preventing complications and ensuring proper treatment.
For more details, visit the NHS arrhythmia guide.
Treatment for Arrhythmia
The treatment for arrhythmia depends on the type, severity, and underlying cause.
1. Lifestyle Modifications
Making heart-healthy changes can help reduce the frequency of arrhythmias.
Limit caffeine and alcohol – Reduces stimulant effects on the heart.
Maintain a healthy weight – Lowers heart strain.
Manage stress – Relaxation techniques can help.
Quit smoking – Reduces risk of heart disease.
2. Medications
Certain drugs can control heart rate and rhythm, including:
Beta-blockers – Slow the heart rate.
Anti-arrhythmic drugs – Help restore normal rhythm.
Blood thinners – Reduce stroke risk in atrial fibrillation.
3. Medical Procedures
For persistent or dangerous arrhythmias, medical interventions may be needed:
Cardioversion – A controlled electric shock to reset the heart rhythm.
Catheter Ablation – A procedure that destroys abnormal electrical pathways.
Pacemaker – A small device that regulates slow heartbeats.
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) – Prevents life-threatening arrhythmias.
Your cardiologist will determine the best treatment plan based on your specific condition.
When Should You See a Doctor?
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
Chest pain that does not go away.
Fainting or loss of consciousness.
Severe dizziness or breathlessness.
A very fast or slow heart rate for no apparent reason.
These could be signs of a serious arrhythmia requiring urgent care.
Conclusion
Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms that can range from harmless to life-threatening. While some people experience occasional palpitations with no underlying heart disease, others may have serious conditions requiring medical treatment.
If you experience persistent palpitations, dizziness, or irregular heartbeats, don’t ignore them. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and improve quality of life.
At Heartsure, we provide comprehensive heart checks to diagnose and manage arrhythmia. If you’re concerned about your heart rhythm, contact us here to schedule an appointment.
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